Tuesday, August 6, 2019
Bending Stresses in a T-Beam Experiment Essay Example for Free
Bending Stresses in a T-Beam Experiment Essay Realistic and verifiable experiment results †¢ Optional TecQuipment’s Structures Software package for extra ‘virtual’ experiments that simulate and confirm the results from your hardware and allow extended experiments †¢ Optional STR2000 unit including TecQuipment’s Structures Software package for automatic data acquisition and virtual experiments †¢ One of many interchangeable experiment modules from TecQuipment’s modern, flexible and costeffective Structures teaching system †¢ Ideal for classroom demonstrations, or students working in pairs or small groups. The experiment hardware is a T-beam that fits onto a Structures Test Frame (STR1, available separately). Students adjust a load cell that bends the beam and, when connected to the optional Digital Force Display (STR1a, available separately), it measures the bending force (load). Strain gauges and a digital strain bridge measure the strains in the beam. Dummy strain gauges compensate for temperature variation and balance the strain bridges. The equipment includes a lead for connection to the Digital Force Display (STR1a, available separately). The lecturer guide provides details of the equipment including sample experiment results. The student guide describes how to use the equipment and gives experiment procedures. For extra ‘virtual’ experiments, TecQuipment can supply the optional TecQuipment Structures Software (STRS), for use on a suitable computer. The virtual experiments simulate the tests that you do with the hardware. They also extend the choice of tests than that available using only the hardware, for example: higher loads, uniform loads or different test specimens. This extends the student’s learning experience. For automatic data acquisition of your experiment results, TecQuipment can supply the optional Automatic Data Acquisition Unit (STR2000). Supplied as standard with the STR2000 is TecQuipment’s Structures Software that displays and logs your experiment results and gives the extra virtual experiments. Bending Stress in a Beam Essential Ancillaries †¢ Structures Test Frame (STR1) †¢ Digital Force Display (STR1a) Recommended Ancillaries †¢ Structures Software (STRS) for virtual experiments or †¢ Automatic Data Acquisition Unit (STR2000) for automatic data acquisition and virtual experiments Operating Conditions Operating environment: Laboratory environment Storage temperature range: –25? C to +55? C (when packed for transport) Operating temperature range: +5? C to +40? C Operating relative humidity range: 80% at temperatures 31? C decreasing linearly to 50% at 40? C Specification Nett dimensions and weight: 880 x 210 x 100 mm, 6. 5 kg Packed dimensions and weight: Approximately 0. 75 m3, 8 kg Load.
Concepts of Electrical Principles
Concepts of Electrical Principles Everything is made of atoms; in turn atoms consist of a combination of minuscule particles known as neutrons, protons and electrons. The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons while electrons exist in a cloud surrounding and rotating around the nucleus. The electron and proton are capable of holding an electrical charge; electrons hold negative charges and protons positive charge. We know that like charges repel each other while opposite charges have the opposite effect in attracting one another. If we wish to measure the flow of electrons around a circuit we refer to this as a measure of electrical current. Electric current is represented by the symbol I and is a quantity of charge carriers passing a given point in a circuit. This is calculated as coulomb of charge passing a defined point in one second, which as a unit is given the name ampere abbreviated to A. This can be measured using an instrument called an ammeter which when connected in series with a circuit to measure the current passing through it. For electric current to flow around a circuit there must be a voltage across it. Voltage is a measure of the potential difference (p.d), which acts like electric pressure pushing the current around the circuit. The pressure can be read in a circuit by a voltmeter, which must be applied through the resistance. This happens when there is a deficit of electrons in a conductive material and this is then connected to another material with excess electrons. This is the case in a battery where chemicals allow electrons to flow from the negative terminal that contains an excess of electrons and the positive terminal containing positively charged protons. This happens because opposite charges attract one another. 1.4 Resistance This flow of current faces opposition from resistance; this is a quantity of how much the electrons bump against the particular conductor they are flowing through. Some materials conduct electricity better then others. Materials that have a high resistance conduct electricity less well. Resistance limits the flow of electrons between the positive and negative ends of a circuit. We measure resistance in units called ohms (ÃŽÂ ©). One ohm is defined as the amount of resistance you have in a conductor when applying one volt of electrical pressure creates one amp of current. 1.5 Energy When electrons sit high in there shells surrounding the nucleus they have electrical energy. This energy can be harnessed to do work in various ways, if the electrons bump into atoms this can cause them to move around which creates heat, they create electromagnetic waves as they travel which can use there attraction and repulsion to move things magnetically, and if the electrons move down there electric shells they give up excess energy giving out light in the manner of photons. 1.6 Charge Carriers The sub-atomic particles that carry charge are known as protons and electrons as previously discussed electrons are negatively charges while protons are positively charged. The unit to measure the quantity of electrical charge (Q) is the coulomb (C) where 1 coulomb of charge is equal to charged electrons. If one coulomb of charge passes a point in one second we say this is one ampere of current. We can use our knowledge of math to deduct that if then if we take (I) as the current in amperes and t as the time in seconds then: Electrical Principles/ Kirchhoffs Laws 2.1 Potential Difference The pull created by the difference in charge between the two sides of a circuit is called the potential difference, which is otherwise known as the voltage. Voltage sources that have higher attractive forces are known to have a higher potential difference. The units we use to measure voltage/potential difference is known as the ampere which is explained in section 1.6 as one coulomb of charge passing a given point in one second. 2.2 Ohms Law a) Ohms law relates Voltage, Current and Resistance in the following equation: I = current in amperes V = voltage in volts R = Resistance in Ohms This law states that the current I flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage applied to it and inversely proportional to the resistance. b) For a 5m length of wire with a resistance of 600 ohms we can apply this law. If you where to half the length of wire you would half the resistance as there would be half as much material for the electrons to bump into. c) If we where to increase the length of the wire to 8m we can see that the resistance increases as create more material for the electrons to crash into. d) To find the length of the same wire when the resistance is 420 ohms we do the following sum: So we can say that the same wire with a resistance of 420ohms would measure 3.5 meters. 2.3 Resistance Variation If a piece of wire has a cross sectional area of 2mm2 and a resistance of 300 ohms Find the resistance of the same length of wire if the cross sectional area is 5mm2. Given that resistance is inversely proportional to cross sectional area, increasing the cross sectional area increases the flow of electrons, we can calculate this mathematically as such: b) Find the cross sectional area of a wire of the same length and material of resistance 750. 2.04 Calculate the resistance of a 2km length of aluminium overhead power cable if the cross sectional area of the cable is 100mm2. Take the resistivity of aluminium to be 0.03 x 10-6 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦m Show the equation you are using in your answer. We know that and that if we combine these rules we can create the formula . With one more piece of information we will be able to take the material used into account. This is done by including the resistivity of the material into the relationship treating it as a constant of proportionality. We use the symbol à  (Greek rho). The final equation will look like this: 2.5 Power If electrical energy (W) = Charge (Q) x Voltage (V) then :- a) Show the equation for power in terms of current( I) and voltage (V). Electrical Energy (W) = Charge (Q) x Voltage (V) W = Q x V Power (P) = Current (I) x Voltage (V) P= V x I b) Using Ohms law explain how power can also be expressed in terms of I and R, and, V and R. P= V2/R P = I2R C) An e.m.f. of 250V is connected across a circuit resistance and the electric current through the circuit resistance is 4A. What is the power dissipated in the circuit? 2.6 a) To discover the potential difference across the winding we use Ohms law as follows: Voltage (V) = Current (I) X Resistance (R) V= 5A X 100ÃŽÂ © V = 500V b) If we wish to find the power dissipated by that same coil we use our equations for power: Power (W) = Voltage (V) X Current (I) P= 500V x 5A P = 2500 Watts 2.7 A 12V battery is connected a load having a resistance of 40ÃŽÂ ©. a) Determine the current flowing in the load. For this we must again use Ohms law rearranged to make I the subject. I = V /R I = 12V / 40ÃŽÂ © I = 0.3 Amps Determine the power consumed by the load. To calculate this we use our power equation again using the figure we just calculated for the current. P = VI P = 12V x 0.3A P = 3.6 watts c) Determine the electrical energy dissipated in 2 minutes. Electrical Energy (W) = Charge (Q) x Volts (V) Current is charge per second and we discovered that this circuit runs 0.3Amps, finding how much energy is dissipated in 2mins first requires changing minutes to seconds. 2mins = 120 seconds W = Q x V W = (120 X 0.3) x 12V W = 432 Watts 2.8 a) Explain what is meant by one unit of electricity with reference to Electrical Charge (Q), Voltage (V) and Time (T). A standard unit of electricity is usually calculated as a Kilowatt-hour (KWh), Which is 1000 watts of electricity dissipated for one hour. SEE MY BOOK ON THIS b) Determine the power dissipated by the element of an electric fire of resistance 20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ when a current of 10A flows through it. For this situation we are provided with the current at 10A and the resistance at 20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ therefore we can use our power equation to find how much power is dissipated. P = I2R P = 102 x 20 P = 2000 watts c) If the fire is on for 6 hours determine the energy used and the cost if 1 unit of electricity costs 13p. Firstly we take the power consumption in watts from we determined in question b then apply the following equation to it: Cost per Unit x Watts / 1000 Multiply the per-hour cost by the running time. 26p x 6h =  £1.56p 2.9 Analyse this resistors in series circuit: a) Express V in terms of V1, V2 and V3. VT = V1 + V2 + V3 Voltages in this circuit will each have a different value if the resistances are different but if you add all the values together they should in total equal the supply voltage. b) Express the total circuit resistance (RT) in terms of R1, R2 and R3. Resistances in series always add together. This can be expressed as: RT = R1 + R2 + R3 c) Express in terms of I what the electric current is through the ammeter-A, R1, R2 and R3. In a series circuit the current is the same in any part of the circuit so readings using the ammeter would be the same as any reading taken on each of the resisters R1, R2 or R3. 2.10 A 12V battery is connected across a circuit having three series-connected resistors of resistances 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and 11à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. a) Determine the electric current through the circuit. As this is a series circuit the current would be the same throughout the circuit, to calculate this we must use ohms law, first we know that resistances add together in a series circuit to give the resistance total. 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ + 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ + 11à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = RT = 24à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Then we must implement Ohms law: I =V/R I = 12V / 24à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ I = 0.5A b) Determine the p.d. across the 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor. Via Ohms law and our previous current calculation, we calculate the voltage across the 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resister. V2 = I x R1 V2 = 0.5 x 9 V2 = 4.5 Volts c) Determine the power dissipated in the 11à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor. P = I2R P3 = 0.52 x 11 P3 = 2.75 W 2.11 Two resistors are connected in series across a 24V supply with a flow of electric current of 3A within the circuit. If one of the resistors has a resistance of 2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ determine: a) The value of the other resistor. R2 = RT R1 R2 = 8 2 R2 = 6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Trusting in Ohms law we can find the value of the other resistor using the values given for total voltage and current and knowing that resistances in series add together to give the resistance total. RT = V/I RT = 24/3 RT = 8à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ b) The p.d. across the 2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor. Solving this requires Ohms law. V1 = I x R1 V1 = 3A x 2ÃŽÂ © V1 = 6 Volt c) How much energy is used if the circuit is connected for 50 hours. P=VI P=24v x 3 P=72W 50h = 180000s W = Q x V Q (charge) = I (current) x t (time) W =180000 x 72 W = 12960000 Watt/joules 2.12 Analyse the resistors in parallel circuit. a) In terms of V, express the p.d. across R1, R2, and R3. V= I1R1 = I2R2 = I3R3 We see that the voltage is the same across each resistor. b) Express the total load current I in terms of I1, I2, and I3. 2.13 For the circuit shown below, determine: a) The reading on the ammeter, In a purely parallel circuit the voltage will be the same in each branch of the circuit. V=I x R V = I1 x R1 V = 8 x 5 = 40V I = V/R3 I = 40/20 = 2A b) The value of resistor R2. We now have all the values for I, = 11 8 2 = 1A R2 = V/I2 R2 = 40/1 R2 = 40à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 2.14 Find the value of resistor that can replace the six resistors in this diagram. We know that resistances in series can be added together to give the total resistance, in this example we have a parallel network of resisters in series with 3 more resisters. Treating this parallel network as a single resistance will allow us to calculate the total resistance of the circuit easily. Convert the resistances to conductance: Adding them together gives us the total conductance 0.52G This can then easily be converted to resistance. Now the parallel circuit can be treated as a single resister, we can add all the resistors together and find the total resistance of the circuit giving us the value of a resister we can replace it with. 2.15 Analyse the circuit below and determine: The currents I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, and I6 We can treat the two sets of parallel resisters as single resisters if we first convert them to conductance and then for each add the conductances together then convert back to resistance. For the set of 3 parallel resisters: The Set of two: The three resisters can be added to give our RT We can now add these conductances together giving us our total conductance for the set of two resistors. This can then be converted to a combined resistance easily: We now proceed to do this for the set of three resistors: We now have the equivalent of 3 resistors in series, which we know can be added together to create a single resistance: Now that we know the total resistance for the circuit we can find I1 easily using Ohms law: We must now find the voltages V1, V2 and V3 in order to later find the currents through the network branches. =20V And now V2 Next I will calculate V3 We can check this by adding all of the voltages to see if they equal the total voltage we have been given. This is over by 1.4V but I believe this is due to the compound effects of the rounding bug and that the calculations made are correct. We know that the current through I1 is 5A now we will work out the currents through the branches of the parallel resistances using Ohms law: 2.16 State Kirchoffs first (current) law. Show that the currents I2 and I3 combined are equal to the input current I1 Kirchhoffs Current Law states: The sum of the currents entering a particular point must be zero. So all currents entering a point must equal all the currents flowing from it. Therefore we must now think of the currents flowing from the junction as negative currents. i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0 Observing our circuit we see 11A of current going in, this means that the same amount of current must come out. Therefore To prove this we calculate I1 and I2 using Ohms law I2= V/R I2=10/10 I2= 1A I3= V/R I3=10/1 I3= 10A We can now calculate I1 expecting it to equal our given figure of 11A. I1= I2 + I3 I1=10+1 I1=11A 2.17 Using Kirchhoffs first (current) law, calculate current I1 and I2 in the network below. Kirchhoffs first current law states that the sum of the current entering a point must be zero. Examining the junctions we have 1.2A and 4.5A flowing in and 0.6A and I1 are flowing out. 1.2 +4.5 = I1+0.6 1.2 + 4.5 0.6 = I1 I1= 5.1A For I2 there are three currents flowing in but none flowing out. This must mean that the last value is a negative value. 5.1+3 + I3 = 0 8.1 + I3 =0 I3 = 8.1A 2.18 The potential divider shown below is used as a simple voltage calibrator. Determine the output voltage produced by the circuit: (a) When the output terminals are left open-circuit (i.e. when no load is connected); We can solve this using the Voltage Divider Rule. Connecting a resistor to V-out will create a parallel resistor network. We can use the product over sum formula to find the comparable resistance because there are only two resistors. to 1 dp With this information we can calculate the voltage. V=0.2V 1dp 2.19 A moving coil meter requires a current of 1 mA to provide full-scale deflection. If the meter coil has a resistance of 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and is to be used as a milliammeter reading 5 mA full-scale, determine the value of parallel shunt resistor required. REVIEW ME Make the meter useable over 5ma by adding a resistor to switch the range of the meter like you would on a none autorangeing multimeter. This is done by adding a resistor IN PARALLEL with the meter. 2.20 Two resistors, one of 15 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and one of 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ are connected in parallel. If a current of 2 A is applied to the combination, determine the current flowing in each resistor. As there is only two resistors we can use our product over sum equation to find the total value of resistance the parallel network provides. Using this we are now able to find the voltage. Now we can find the current through each branch, I1: I=V/R I1 = 7.5/15 I1 = 0.5A I2: I=V/R I2 = 7.5/5 I 2= 1.5A 2.21 A switched attenuator comprises five 1 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistors wired in series across a 5V d.c. supply. If the output voltage is selected by means of a single-pole four-way switch, sketch a circuit and determine the voltage produced for each switch position 1KÃŽÂ © 1KÃŽÂ © 5V Switch 1KÃŽÂ © 1KÃŽÂ © Vout Answer: 1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, 5V 2.22 With the aid of a diagram, briefly explain in your own words Kirchhoffs second law. In an electronic loop the sum of all the voltages around the circuit taking polarity into account will equal zero. For example if you where to travel around a circuit following conventional current taking the voltage at each resistance including the battery and added all of those voltages up including negative voltages the sum would equal zero. We would see that the battery would give the circuit charge a EMF while all of the resistances would dissipate this force. 2.23 Using Kirchhoffs second law, determine the value of e.m.f. (E) in the circuit below. E+5=14 E= 14-5 E=9V 2.24 Using Kirchhoffs laws together with the use of simultaneous equations, determine the current flowing in each branch of the network shown in the circuit below. Here we are presented with essentially two loops of current where readings in the connecting part of the loops will be affected by one another. We will use Kirchoffs laws to solve the problem by first treating the current as two separate loops. We use simultaneous equations to find our two unknowns I1 and I2 . Loop Two E2 = I2r2 + (I1 + I2)R 2 = I2 + 4I1 + 4I2 2 = 4I1 + 5I2 Loop One E1 = I1r1 + (I1 + I2)R 4 = 2I1 + 4I1 + 4I2 4 = 6I1 + 4I2 6I1 = 4 4I2 Substitute I1 into the second loop. Amps As we have obtained I1 we can now work on I2 4 = 6I1 + 4I2 R=I1+I2 2.25 Analyse the circuit shown below and determine the following parameters a) The current in each branch of the circuit. I1 = I2 = 1.233A b) The voltage across the load resistance. 0.426 c) The power dissipated by the load resistor. P= d) Use computer software to verify your results. 26) A temperature sensor is connected into a bridge measuring circuit as shown. If the value of the sensor is 110R at 0oC and it increases by 0.2% for every degree the temperature rises and falls a corresponding amount if the temperature drops. What voltage will be output on the voltmeter when the temperature is :- (a) 25oC (b) 100oC (c) -40oC Build the circuit using Multisim and demonstrate your answer to part (b) is correct. First we will calculate how the changes in temperature will affect the resistance of the sensor: Now we must find the voltage for the left hand side of this wheatstone bridge. V1=3V And now the right hand side of the bridge, this will vary each time as the resistance of the sensor changes. Firstly we will be doing question a) with the sensor representing 115.1ÃŽÂ ©: The reading on the voltmeter will be the difference between those two calculations b) Now we continue the calculations for the second value of resistance for the sensor. With the sensor representing 132ÃŽÂ ©: The reading on the voltmeter will be the difference between those two calculations c) Now we continue the calculations for the third value of resistance for the sensor. With the sensor representing 132ÃŽÂ ©: The reading on the voltmeter will be the difference between those two calculations 2.27 For the Wheatstone Bridge circuit below, what value of R1 will produce a balanced bridge? Using your calculated answer build the circuit in Multisim and demonstrate your answer is correct. 2.28 A 1m long resistive wire of uniform cross section is connected to a 6V source as shown. If a sliding contact is placed 0.35m from one end and connected to an unknown e.m.f. then no current is measured on the ammeter. A) What it the value of the unknown e.m.f.? This can be solved using the voltage division rule.
Monday, August 5, 2019
Obscenity And Vulgarity To Be Eschewed Media Essay
Obscenity And Vulgarity To Be Eschewed Media Essay The advancement of science and growth of modern technology and information has made things very easy to circulate and communicate to the entire world. We today easily get information of earthquakes or landslide happening in any part of the world with the help of satellite. To make this world a compact place and connecting everyone with fast and easy medium the media has placed a very crucial role. There were days when passing of news took day and days and now with just a click the entire news reaches the world in seconds. With the media becoming globalised the content of the news which is been circulated has become much vulnerable. When the audience of whole world at large is approached if becomes obvious that at times western country approached could hurt the sentiments of people of eastern country and vice versa. To avoid differences regulations must be formed to regulate which content would be suitable for display for a particular group of audience. Obscenity is one such ingredien t which prohibits content from being screened or displayed. Obscenity can be in common terms be called mind pollution, a social problem which is been affecting our society at large. Obscenity can be defined as any photograph, figure, picture, write up, video or a public act which corrupts the minds and appeals to the prurient interests or which is not acceptable with social moral standards would be called obscene and vulgar. Off late, the media has played a major role in promoting obscenity by way of semi-nude ads, video-graphy, news in the form of soft-porn and much more. They are certainly putting at stake the values of an entire generation just for a little more circulation, readership, viewership and a little more money. Obscenity is affecting us, our children, the various facets of a society, heres how: Women and children are the worst hit by the growth and exposure to obscenity. There is a direct link between the violence being shown in media and the actual act of violence against women. The cases of molestation,sexual harassment and rape are on the rise contributing to this is the constant bombardment of sex, nudity and violence in the media. Obscenity is also leading to the young generations growing interest in indulging in sexual activities, further causing problems such as premarital sex, teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and much more. Future threats of an open show of obscenity could be as harmful as the loss of ethics in the coming generations. In a country where marriage is considered a pure bond and sex serves a valuable purpose of sharing love and purity, obscenity is getting this bond a new meaning of an animal act, for the purpose of fulfilling ones sexual needs the female body becoming a mere object. FORUM AGAINST OBSCENITY OBSCENITY : A FORM OF MIND POLLUTION    Earth pollution is bad. Water and Noise pollution is worse. Air pollution is still worse. But the worst of all is Mind Pollution. It corrupts the most valuable trait of Human Species : It corrupts THINKING. One of the most common forms of Mind Pollution observed today is OBSCENITY WHY MOVEMENT AGAINST OBSCENITY  ·Ã‚          In last few years, a large Section of the Media and particularly the Leading ones have taken liberty to flout all Norms related to Obscenity. A systemic overdose of Nudity and Vulgarity is being forced into the brain of  common Viewer through News Papers, Television, Films, Magazines, Hoardings, and Posters.  ·Ã‚          Their purpose is to use a cheap short cut to catch attention and thus beat competition. They want to make quick money by selling their real matter mixed with so called HOT STUFF.  ·Ã‚          The long term effect of this bombardment of sex and nudity is resulting in corrupting the Thought Process because thoughts are bound to come according to what you see, read and hear.  ·Ã‚          The psychologists all over the world are cautioning that exposure to Media violence and sex, have damaging impact on the children and minors and youth.  ·Ã‚          Common man and Parents of young children are worried, they feel helpless and frustrated. Their Right of bringing up their children in a Mind Pollution Free Atmosphere is snatched away.  ·Ã‚          This Long lasting damage cannot be checked individually. It needs a Mass Movement.  ·Ã‚          This restlessness has evolved into a large number of NGOs and individuals coming together in the form of this FORUM AGAINST OBSCENITY HOW DO YOU DEFINE OBSCENITY o         Any picture, photograph, Figure, article, write up, etc. or a Public Act which depraves or corrupts the mind and which appeals to the prurient interests or which is against the acceptable social moral standards would be called obscene and vulgar. o         The condition in which you would feel ashamed to see your mother or wife or daughter, is obscene. THE PRESENT SCENARIO o         Television Channels are full of adult contents. o         The films and Serials show detailed rapes and sex sequences. o         Music videos have half naked girls dancing, making suggestive gestures, almost performing pornography. o         Newspapers like Mid-Day, Mumbai Mirror, Bombay Times etc are full of photographs of half or almost naked actresses and models. Kamasutra is printed. Sex Experts are guiding and solving difficulties being faced in Premarital Sex. o         The News Channels shamelessly show pornography and uncensored scenes of Adult films in the name of News. o         The posters of the films are made from those scenes, which are deleted by the censor board. The posters of films and hoardings of advertisements are so vulgar that it is difficult for women to walk with their heads up on the road. WHAT ARE THE RESULTS o         There is a direct link between the violence being shown in media and the actual act of violence against women. The cases of molestation, sexual harassment and rape are on the rise due to this constant bombardment of sex, nudity and violence in the media. In Mumbai there have been instances of 12 and 13 year old boys raping 9 year old girl, copying the act from television. o         Premarital Sex and Extramarital Sex is fast growing and is gaining Social Acceptance in the new Generation. WHAT ARE THE FUTURE THREATS o         Marriage as an Institution is under threat. Like in West, the cases of Divorce are increasing. The Indian Culture of a Life Long Vow of faithful marital life is likely to get eroded. The Foundation of FAMILY is being dynamited. o         Sex, instead of a serving a valuable purpose of maintaining intimacy and bond of Love between husband and wife, may get reduced to a sheer Animal Act. o         Teenagers and minors are indulging in sexual activities due to constant hammering of adult content in the media. o         The body of a woman has become an object of entertainment and  a mere commodity to draw peoples attention. WHAT DOES THE LAW SAY o         Article 19 of the constitution does guarantee freedom of speech and expression. However it clearly states that this freedom is subject to reasonable restrictions. Among various grounds of restriction, social moral standards and decency are also included. o         Indian Penal Code 292 states that any obscene and vulgar act, video, audio, poster, printed material displayed in public are punishable offence. o         The Indecent Representation of Women [prohibition] Act 1986, states that depiction of the figure, body, or any part of a womans body, which is denigrating women or likely to corrupt Public Morality is a punishable offence. o         The Cable Television Network Act clearly mentions that 24 hours NO ADULT programme can be shown on television. [The criteria for the Adult content is the same as followed by the Censor Board] ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING OBSCENITY o         The freedom of Expression is a Fundamental Right Our answer- In a civilized society no freedom can be ABSOLUTE or UNLIMITED. The freedom of Expression as per Law is subject to reasonable restrictions, including the ground of social moral norms and standards. Had this been a free for all right then our Laws would not declare indecent representation of women, obscenity and vulgarity in public as a punishable offence. o         Obscenity is a subjective issue. It is in the eyes of the Beholder. Our answer- One of the signs of primitive man getting civilized was that he started wearing Leafs and Barks of Trees. It has been a long gradual process of human civilization. If today so called liberals are advocating nudity in the name of liberalization then they are taking us back to the primitive man and primitive civilization. Keeping the society in mind, whatever generally is not acceptable in the society is called obscene, for example: wearing a bikini in the beach is normal but wearing it in a public place is objectionable and obscene. Having sex in closed rooms is normal, but doing it in public, even by legally married couple is objectionable. o         Sex Education is a good thing which is being imparted indirectly by these Our answer The vulgar and suggestive Displays instigate their unripe mind to indulge in sex. They get wrong notions about Sex Act. Education needs to be given scientifically in a class room. o         This amounts to Moral Policing Our Answer: Can there be an Expiry Date to Morality !! Our Laws do make a mention of Morality as a basis. WHAT ARE THE PLANS OF FORUM AGAINST OBSCENITY o         To create Mass Awareness on this subject o         To initiate Legal Action against Violators through specific Complaint and through Public Interest  Litigation o         Social Boycott and Public protest against Violators through Articles, Morcha, Dharna etc o         To catalyze similar Movements in all parts of the Country o         To garner Support of Right minded and Like Minded Media o         To approach Associations / Federations of Media for making guidelines for their Members and for ensuring it o         To study the existing Laws and point out the need to change it, through Amendment / Addition. To take up the issue of Amendments with Govt. WHAT CAN AN INDIVIDUAL DO o         It is time that We as concerned and responsible citizens raise our voice to stop this sex, violence and vulgarity in media including Television, Newspapers, Films and posters of films. o         It is time that we raise our voice against this shameless display of womans body and her commodification in the name of entertainment, against the shameless and blatant violations of Laws, making the society unsafe for our Future Generation. o         Please join hands in this fight against vulgarity and violence in media. Express your support by writing to us. o         Lodge Complaint against Cases of Obscenity wherever you see. Attach a photo of the Obscene matter with details of location, date etc. The Complaint has to be lodged with Deputy Commissioner of Police, Enforcement, Office of Commissioner of Police,  Opp.  Crawford Market, Mumbai 400 001 o         Write to Hon. Minister, Information and Broadcasting, Hon. Chief minister, Hon. Home Minister, Director General of Police ( DGP ) and Commissioner of Police, asserting your Right to live and bring up your children in an atmosphere free of Obscenity and Violence. o         Write to Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting Ministry at Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi , and demand that no Adult content should be shown at any time on the television. Demand that all Private TV Channels be converted to Pay Channels so that you can see the channels of your choice only and prevent undesirable channels in your home. o         Mark copy of all above to us at address below o         Discuss this common Cause with your Family, Friends, and Society and create awareness and a sense of responsibility to do something. Convert this Movement into an all India Movement of Crores of well meaning Citizens. o         Organize and Join the Protest Rallies / Morchas wherever possible. o         Communicate with those indulging in Obscenity and make efforts to convince them to desist from Obscenity o         Boycott  those Media and News Papers which promote Nudity. o         Contribute financially towards the campaigns by the Forum.
Sunday, August 4, 2019
Beowulf - The Ideal Hero Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays
Achilles, Beowulf, Gilgamesh, Samson and Heracles can all be characterized as heroes. However, each of these characters embodies different attributes that earn them the heroic distinction. This paper will seek to show that Beowulf is the â€Å"most†heroic figure based on his adherence to the heroic ethos. Also, the character of Gilgamesh will be used as a means of comparison to further showcase the heroic nature of Beowulf. The heroic ethos is a set of values that prioritize and glorify the valor of an individual. The motivation of the hero is to garner fame and immortality in legend, resulting in feats of excellence. Characteristics of the heroic ethos include service to people in the upper level of the hierarchy (e.g. relationship between lord and thane), a special relationship to god (special does not necessarily mean positive as in the case of Heracles and Hera), greatness in warfare/slaying, loyal, courageous, indispensable, and (almost) invulnerable. For the hero, the highest good is glory and the highest evil is shame. Beowulf, the son of Ecgtheow and Hygelac’s thane is introduced by Heaney as a valiant warrior. The reader immediately notices that Beowulf is well respected. The tone of the work suggests that even the narrator holds him in high esteem, â€Å"the man whose name was known for courage, the Geat Leader†(Heaney, 11) (the chapter is entitled â€Å"The Hero comes to Heorot†). Beowulf is introduced with grandeur. He is allowed to mention his own name and goes on to describe some of his feats, â€Å"They had seen me boltered in the blood of enemies, when I battled and bound five beasts, raided a troll nest and slaughtered sea – brutes†(Heaney, 13). Before actually seeing him in action, the reader is aware that Beowulf is a great warrior whose father is well respected. From the initial introduction, it is expected that Beowulf will be able to accomplish super human tasks.      Similarly, Gilgamesh is also given a grand introduction. He is described as, â€Å"the strongest one of all, the perfect, the terror†(Ferry, 4). However, the overall view of Gilgamesh is not as honorable as Beowulf. The people of Uruk are lamenting to the god Aruru: (Ferry, 5) â€Å"Neither the father’s son nor the wife of the noble is safe in Uruk; neither the mother’s daughter nor the warrior’s bride is safe. The old men say: Is this the shepherd of the people? Is t... ...fraid of its magnitude. In Gilgamesh, the Gods are humanized. They succumb to desire (as seem with Ishtar when she is lusting after Gilgamesh) and revenge (the flood). In Gilgamesh, the Gods are directly involved in some of the action. In Beowulf, God is a verbal presence. In both Gilgamesh and Beowulf, the heroes had a relationship with God/Gods. However, as outlined above, these relationships were very different. Beowulf had a direct spiritual connection while Gilgamesh questions the actions and even opposes one of them (Ishtar).      Beowulf and Gilgamesh are both deemed heroes. According to heroic ethos, Beowulf proves to be the more valiant, law abiding one. He embodies the necessary characteristics of the Anglo – Saxon/Germanic hero (courage, loyalty, and greatness in warfare/battle). However, it can also be argued that Gilgamesh is a great hero because of his divergence from the classical heroic model. Many readers are able to connect more with Gilgamesh because of his â€Å"humanness†. In the end, he comes to understand that death is a part of life and that one can still live on forever through their accomplishments (for him, it would be through Uruk).
Saturday, August 3, 2019
Japanese Economy Essay example -- essays papers
Japanese Economy The Japanese economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the American economy. As such, its decade long downward slide has many lessons the American economy can learn from. The difference between the economies is one of degree, not type. Our own economy has been faltering of late, bringing fear of recession. The Japanese have been on that road for over ten years, and of late have been making aggressive moves towards a restructuring. This paper will look at the types of reforms planned in the Japanese economy, and more importantly if these reforms will be enough to pull a modern economy from the doldrums. The current state of the Japanese economy has much to do with a failure to adjust. In post-WWII Japan the country's economy experienced a "bubble economy". This era of high growth is very similar to that which the American economy experienced after WWII. A booming population and a new focus on industry were mostly responsible for the unprecedented growth in both countries. In the mid-1980's, Japan's central bank reduced prime interest rates in response to what was then considered a moderate slowing. This lowering wasn't enough to give the economy a chance at sustained growth, as it wasn't combined with robust reform. Japanese banks took advantage of the low rates, and began taking on massive debt. The slowdown never truly stopped, though there were quarters of greater growth. Though the economy grew by one percent on average, the combination of out of control debt and little population growth led the economy down a path of ever slowing growth. Today this debt, coupled with dis trust of banks by depositors, has held back even the most well though out and well intentioned reform. Simply put, no restructuring can lead to real gains if the banks continue to fall behind on debt payments. In April, the normally optimistic Central Bank of Japan issued a report downgrading its forecast for the Japanese economy, the third straight month it has done so. This was also the first report since September 1995 that the admitted that the economy is in a state of deflation. Deflation is the lowering of prices, and leads to lower corporate profits across the board. Deflation has a crippling effect on an economy, and demands an immediate and strong response. The report attributed this most recent downturn to lower industria... ...k governor, Masaru Hayami, said growth has come to a standstill because of slowing exports. Worried about the stagnant economy, the Bank of Japan moved to push interest rates to zero last month. It decided to keep such monetary policy unchanged at a meeting Friday. Exports have long been the driving force behind Japan's economic growth. But the cooling U.S. economy has dampened demand for Japanese exports. Japan unveiled an emergency package earlier this month that set a two-year deadline for major banks to dispose of their riskiest bad loans estimated at $104 billion. The non-performing loans -- a leftover from the collapse of Japan's easy-lending conditions of the late 1980s and early 1990s -- have crippled the nation's economy. The April report pointed to five key areas of the economy that remain troubled -- industrial output, corporate profitability, business sentiment, employment and housing construction. Late last year, Japan set a target of 1.7 percent growth for fiscal 2001 through the end of next March. But some economists believe the forecast is too optimistic. For the fiscal year ended last month, the government has set a target of 1.2 percent growth.
Friday, August 2, 2019
How the Sonnet Form is Associated with Love and Ardent Expression :: Sonnets Love God Essays
How the Sonnet Form is Associated with Love and Ardent Expression God’s Grandeur is a sonnet associated with the environment and obviously, God. It is an Italian petrarchan sonnet, where there is a noticeable split in the poem which makes up the octave and the sestet. The first four lines of the octave, describes a natural world through which God’s presence runs through like an electric current, becoming at times noticeable is flashes. A metaphor is used to emphasise God’s Grandeur as an electric force. Gerard Hopkins suggest that there is some kind of force not to our attention, which builds up a sort of tension which can be both positive or negative. God’s presence could also be described as a rich oil, which when tapped with a enduring pressure, builds up to a greatness. These comments are stated in the poem, ‘It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil’. It is clear to the reader from this point that the love being expressed here is very much towards God, his presence, and the natural world surrounding us. After the poet, Gerard Hopkins, suggests the fact of God’s presence in the world, he then asks the reader to ask themselves why humans fail to take note of God’s powerful authority. The word ‘rod’ in this poem represents God’s grand authority. The image of electricity also subtlety returns in the fourth line, where the ‘rod’ of God's punishments calls to mind the lightning rod in which excess electricity in the atmosphere will sometimes disappear. The stressed syllables in the fourth line also reinforce to the reader the question which is being asked here by Hopkins. For example, words such as ‘Crushed, why, not’ all contribute to the powerful rhythm, which helps put the question across more efficiently. This all contributes in helping the poet convey such a strong ardent expression, which is needed greatly in order for the full effect of the poem to show. In the next line, the strong, falling rhythm of ‘have trod, have trod, have trod,‘ recreates the sound of marching footsteps in emphatic onomatopoeia. The message here is of what man has done to the environment, God’s environment, by using it over the years for various means of transport. The onomatopoeia and alliteration here helps to put the message across because the tension increases by a large amount, resulting in a more exciting and powerful climax. The word ‘and’ is used often and the start of lines to compound something which is trying to be said. It helps put across the message more efficiently because the same word is being continuously ’drummed’ into the reader ’And all is seared†¦And wears man’s smudge’ etc.
Thursday, August 1, 2019
Potential Of Coconut Water as Source of Electricity Essay
One of the major problems in our country is energy shortage. There are many methods and proposals on how to conserve it such as the use of batteries. One of these is an electrolytic cell. It contains an electrolyte through which an externally generated electric current is passed by a system of electrodes (electrically positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode the cathode) in order to produce an electrochemical reaction. Such a reaction involves the transfer of electrons between two electrodes immersed in an ion-conducting medium – the electrolyte. A batter unit is often referred to as a cell. Electrolytic cells have many practical uses, including the recovery of pure metal from alloys, the plating of one metal with another, and the manufacture of chlorine and sodium hydroxide.1 Coconut (Cocos nucifera) water contains a variety of nutrients including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids, enzymes, growth factors, and other nutrients. Coconut water is a good source of the major minerals like magnesium, calcium, and potassium. It is particularly rich in potassium, an essential nutrient; one 8-ounce cup of coconut water has more potassium than a banana. It also contains a variety of trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iodine, sulfur, manganese, boron, molybdenum, and others. These are derived from volcanic soils and seawater from which the coconut palms are grown. All of these minerals are in the form of electrolytes so they are easily absorbable by the human body. Many of the health benefits attributed to coconut water can be traced to its mineral content.2 With this information, the researchers decided to test if coconut (Cocos nucifera) water is feasible as an electrolyte to conduct electricity to contribute for lessening the energy shortage that we had encountered. B. Statement of the Problem This study aims to know if coconut (Cocos nucifera) water can be a source of electricity. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions: a. How much voltage can be obtained in the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water; b. Is the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water has enough current to lighten a LED light; and c. Is there any similarity between the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water and vinegar as electrolyte in conducting electricity in terms of: electrical voltage ability to light LED Light price being environment friendly C. Objectives The main objective of this study is to make use of coconut (Cocos nucifera) water as an electrolyte for electrolytic cell. To support the main objective, the sub-objectives are as follows: a. to know the capability of coconut (Cocos nucifera) water as an electrolyte in generating electricity; b. to make an alternative for expensive commercialized electrolytic cell; and c. to lessen the waste because coconut water are usually just thrown away by the vendors. D. Hypothesis There is a significant difference between the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water used as an electrolyte and the vinegar for electrolytic cell in terms of voltage measured. E. Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study only focuses on how coconut (Cocos nucifera) water can be a source of electricity. The study will be conducted from November 2009 to August 2010 at First City Providential College Laboratory, City of San Jose Del Monte Bulacan. The equipments needed were coconut water, vinegar, beakers, electrodes and the multitester. The beakers will be borrowed at the FCPC’s Laboratory. The coconut water will be collected from Tungkong Mangga Wet Market. F. Significance of the Study Electricity is not an unlimited resource but must be generated through various means. Just as a decade ago, the Philippines suffered from energy deficit. The energy supplied by the power plants did not reach the level of demand for electricity means that electricity must be efficiently used to avoid another crisis in the future. The problem of energy shortage is not merely a matter of building more power plants since they do not only offer energy solutions but also cause environmental problems. To lessen the problem about that the researchers wants to test if coconut (Cocos nucifera) water can be a source of electricity. In this study the community and the environment will be benefit by this because it is organic and affordable. G. Review of Related Literature G.1 History of Coconut The English name coconut, first mentioned in English print in 1555, comes from the Spanish and Portuguese word coco, which means â€Å"monkey face.†Spanish and Portuguese explorers found a resemblance to a monkey’s face in the three round indented markings or â€Å"eyes†found at the base of the coconut. On the Nicobar Islands of the Indian Ocean, whole coconuts were used as currency for the purchase of goods until the early part of the twentieth century. Coconuts are the fruit of the coconut palm, botanically known as Cocos nucifera, with nucifera meaning â€Å"nut-bearing.†The fruit-bearing palms are native to Malaysia, Polynesia and southern Asia, and are now also prolific in South America, India, the Pacific Islands, Hawaii and Florida. The light, fibrous husk allowed it to easily drift on the oceans to other areas to propagate. The coconut fruit has many food uses for its water, milk, meat, sugar, and oil. It also functions as its own dish and cup. The husk was burned for fuel by natives, but today a seed fiber called coir is taken from the husk and used to make brushes, mats, fishnets, and rope. A very potent fermented toddy or drink is also made from the coconut palm’s sap. Coconut oil, a saturated fat made from dried coconut meat, is used for commercial frying and in candies and margarines, as well as in non-edible products such as soaps and cosmetics. Although it takes up to a year for coconuts to mature, the trees bloom up to thirteen times a year. Fruit is constantly forming, thus yielding a continuous harvest year-round. An average harvest from one tree runs about 60 coconuts, with some trees yielding three times that amount. The coconut’s name is a bit of a misnomer, since it is botanically classified as a drupe and not a nut. It is the largest seed known.3 G.2 Coconut Water Physical Properties The coconut seed contains a white, fleshy part which is edible and used fresh or dried in cooking. Coconut meat, a soft, pudding like meat provides an excellent source of lauric and caprylic fatty acids which is known for being antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, boosting the immune system and killing off intestinal worms. This meat is high in raw protein, enzyme-rich, easy to digest and contains all the essential amino acids. What makes the coconut water more effective is when we turn the water and meat from young green coconuts and ferment it with kefir grains to turn its natural sugar into a probiotic. It has shown to alkalize the body very quickly so cravings for starches and sugars are replaced for cravings of healthy foods like vegetables. The young green coconut has adequate natural minerals and a high quality raw protein which are valuable for growth and repair of the body. Coconut water is the liquid endosperm inside young coconuts. As the coconut matures, this liquid largely becomes absorbed into the flesh found in mature coconuts. Coconut water has long been a popular drink in the tropics, especially in Tropical Asia and Trinidad and Tobago, where it is available fresh or bottled. It is naturally fat-free and low in food energy (16.7 calories or 70 kJ per 100 g). Due to its sterility, pH, mineral, and sugar content, coconut water had been successfully used as liquid in intravenous therapy in emergency situations. Coconuts for drinking are packaged and sold in many places. These are typically Thai coconuts whose outer green husk has been removed, and the remainder wrapped in plastic. Coconut water can also be found in regular cans or tetra paks (and often with coconut pulp or coconut jelly added) and is also marketed as a sports drink because of its high potassium and mineral content, which helps the body recover from rigorous exercise. Chemical Properties The cavity of the coconut is filled with â€Å"coconut water†containing sugars, fiber, proteins, anti-oxidants, vitamins and minerals. Young coconuts have more ‘water’ and soft, gel-like meat, and mature coconuts have firm meat and less ‘water.’ The coconut water provides an excellent isotonic electrolyte balance, and an exceptional nutritional food source, which is why it is used as a refreshing drink throughout the humid tropics. Also it contains essential minerals from land and sea to adequately hydrate and nourish the body. In fact, during the Pacific and Vietnam young green coconut water was siphoned directly from the nut to give emergency plasma transfusions to wounded soldiers.4 Coconut water is more nutritious than whole milk; it has no casein and a good balance of magnesium and calcium. It is rich in Vitamin C, acts as a natural diuretic and helps cleanse the liver and kidneys. It reduces problems for infants helps with GERDS, failure to thrive and other intestinal disorders such as indigestion, colitis, gastric ulcers, and diarrhea. It serves as an antioxidant, scavenging many types of destructive free radicals and protecting hemoglobin from nitrite-induced oxidation. Chelating properties the coconut water contains â€Å"gold: and â€Å"silver†and sulphurated proteins which is crucial to detox mercury and other heavy metals out of the cells and membranes, also it makes a certain â€Å"tension on the surface†which solves the heavy into a solution. Also it has certain fatty acids and sulfur holded amino acids to attach to the mercury. He said it is really water which contains a nature’s â€Å"trick†. The following are the major chemical constituents of coconut water: Sugars Sugars in the forms of glucose and fructose form an important constituent of the tender nut water. The concentration of sugars in the nut water steadily increases from about 1.5 per cent to about 5 – 5.5 per cent in the early months of maturation and then slowly falls reaching about 2 per cent at the stage of the full maturity of the nut. In the early stages of maturity sugars are in the form of glucose and fructose (reducing sugars) and sucrose (non-reducing sugar) appears only in later stages which increases with the maturity while the reducing sugars fall. In the fully mature nut approximately 90 per cent of the total sugars are sucrose. Vitamins and Minerals Tender coconut water contains most of the minerals such as potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorous, iron, and copper, sulphur and chlorides. Among the minerals more than half is potassium the concentration of which is markedly influenced by potash manuring. Tender coconut water being rich in potassium and other minerals plays a major role to increase the urinary output. It contains both ascorbic acid and vitamins of B group. The concentration of ascorbic acid ranges from 2.2 to 3.7mg per ml, which gradually diminishes as the kernel surrounding the water begins to harden. Protein Coconut water contains small amounts of protein. The percentage of arginine, alanine, cysteine and serene in the protein of tender coconut water are higher than those in cow’s milk. Since it does not contain any complex protein the danger of producing shock to the patients is minimized.5 Analysis of Mature and Tender Coconut Water G.3 Vinegar History of Vinegar The Babylonians used it to preserve foods and as a seasoning for their food. We have record of the Greek using it to preserve foods and Roman soldiers made a beverage used as they travelled. Not much has changed with our use of vinegar, we still use it to preserve foods and season with. The name comes from the simple compounding of 2 words by the French and probably not uttered pleasantly. When a cask of wine got a crack in it and became exposed to air they most likely uttered †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦vin ..aiger †¦.which means ..sour wine. Uses Vinegar is an acid with a low ph. So many germs and virus are killed with it. Michael Mullen a spokesperson for him Heinz Corporation says that straight 5% vinegar will kill 80% of the germs and virus. Heinz says they can’t make the claim on the bottle that it kills bacteria because of the EPA laws. If you do the research though you will find that the claims are sound. Here are some other ailments that people use vinegar to help heal. Relieve mild arthritis pain, cure a stomach ache, dissolving warts, relieving itching from mosquito or bug bites, soothing sunburn pains, relieving a sore throat, jelly fish stings, these are only a few, there are hundreds of applications used by many even in the health field. It is said that vinegar is also very versatile for cleaning and sanitizing. Keeping a spray bottle of straight 5% distilled vinegar is useful to clean and disinfect many things. You can sanitize your cutting board and spray hard to clean kitchen appliances that have many nooks and crannies that come in contact with bacteria. Also spray on door handles, and all the bathroom fixtures to disinfect. Its odor dissipates fairly quickly. Buying distilled vinegar in a gallon bottle is very economical. Toothbrushes can be boiled for a minute in vinegar to kill germs. You can also kill molds and fungus. Spraying feet helps prevent athletes’ foot.6 Physical Properties Vinegar is mainly a dilute aqueous solution of acetic acid and this is reflected in its physical and chemical properties. It’s the product of two biochemical processes. These processes are alcoholic fermentation and acid fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation converts natural sugar to alcohol. Acid fermentation converts alcohol to acid via microorganisms, which are present in the air, we breathe, called acetobacter. The acid part of vinegar is what gives it its sour taste and its antiseptic (germ killing) properties as well as its cleaning properties. Vinegar isn’t simply a dilute solution of acetic acid. Depending on the fruit or other organic starting produce and the amount of processing, it can contain varying amounts of minerals, enzymes, vitamins, fibre and other organic compounds. But these are just minor components of the vinegar, even though they are all major contributors to its flavour, colour, aroma and overall nutritional benefits.7 Chemical Properties The pH of vinegar depends upon how much acid is present, but most commercial distilled white vinegars contain 5% acetic acid and have a pH of about 2.4. To put that in perspective, the following table compares the pH of vinegar to some other common solutions: G.4 Battery Characteristics There’s more than one way to make a battery light up several bulbs at the same time. For example, you can connect the bulb in a kind of chain, one after another, or ‘in series’. In a series circuit the current from the battery passes through the first bulb, then through the next bulb and so on.8 The battery produces the current by pushing electrons along the wires, the stronger the push, the more electrons flow along the wire each second. The current heats the thin wire inside the bulb and makes it glow brightly. The strength of this push is measured in volts. The word â€Å"volts†comes from the name of the Italian who invented the first battery.9 An electric current is a movement or flow of minute particles called electrons. Normally, electrons are attached to an atom and circle round its central nucleus in orbits- just like artificial satellites orbiting the earth. A current of electricity must have a completely unbroken path, or circuit. If we could follow a current as it flowed along a wire we should eventually arrive back at our starting point.10 The electromotive force or EMF develops between the electrodes and if they are connected by a wire a current will flows. All such cells have a limited lifetime because the oxidation or reduction process reaches completion. The EMF of a cell depends on the chemical composition of the electrodes and the electrolyte not on how large it is. The size of a cell does, however, affect its capacity. Large electrodes and a large capacity- it will continue to produce current for a longer time. The current it is able to deliver depends crucially on the size and separation of the electrodes. A cell with large electrodes close together has a low internal resistance and is consequently capable of delivering larger current.11 G.5 Related Studies In the past few decades, there has been a marked advance in the development of technology especially in the field of electromagnetism. Different ways of consuming and conserving of energy in our daily life such as the use of the power plants, an alternative source of energy (renewable and non-renewable energy) and also the use of batteries are all innovated. Batteries in all of the studies gives more benefit especially in times of energy insufficiency. The following are some of the studies conducted to search for a new material to conduct electricity and new alternative batteries: Kamias and Tamarind as Electrolyte for Dry cell Batteries They used kamias and tamarind to produce electrolyte for dry cell batteries. Kamias and tamarind are citrus fruits so it contains many electrolytes. Citrus Fruits as Multi-cell Battery Citrus fruits like oranges and lemons are excellent conductors. They don’t produce much energy on their own but if you utilize a few of them in a series within the circuit, you can produce enough electricity to power a light bulb. This creates a multi-cell battery, which makes the citrus fruits electricity more powerful and practical. Copper Sulfate as Electrolyte The electrodes used are copper and zinc. Results and findings showed that the solution generated 0.7V, that didn’t light a 1.2V bulb. Potato as Source of Electricity The study is conducted by using potato as a source of electricity. Through copper and zinc electrodes, juices generate electricity. Results and findings showed that it generated 1.2V. But it didn’t light up the miniature bulb; instead, it lit up the lEd as substitute for the bulb. Sawdust as Electricity The project of light-generating electricity with the used of sawdust was developed by the researchers at the N.E. Bauman Moscow State Engineering University which can generate a 10 kilowatts of electricity. The installation is not only cost-efficient. It also contributes to saving the environment. Using this model, you can generate electricity from waste-perfect for farms that never run out of vegetable waste and wood. The result in an even more economical cycle of resources, something that both a farmer and Mother Earth would appreciate. Alipuina galanga as an Electrolyte for Wet Cell Batteries Unknown to many, langkwas (Alipuina galanga) is a highly acidic plant, with 48 percent methyl cinnamate as its active ingredient. Because of its acidic properties, the researchers tested langkwas’ effectiveness as an electrolyte in wet cell batteries. Chapter 2 Methodology A. Materials The materials used in the experimentation are coconut water, copper wire (positive electrode), and galvanized nails (negative electrode), plastic cups as containers, beakers for measurements, multitester for getting the voltage, alligator clips to connect the circuit, LED light and calculator for testing, masking tape to hold the electrodes and vinegar as the control. B. Procedure a. Preparations of Coconut Water Coconuts were first collected. The water was obtained from the coconut. When the coconut water is now collected from the coconut it will be strained using a clean cloth to remove the impurities. The filtered coconut water would then serve as the electrolyte for the modified electrolytic cell. b. Preparation of the Electrolytic Cell The electrolytic cell battery used coconut (Cocos nucifera) water as electrolyte. A pair of electrodes was placed on each beaker and connected in series circuit using the wire. Each beaker represented one electrolytic cell, and once it was connected in series with another cell, the potential difference produced increased. C. Determining the Potential Difference Produced The potential difference was measured using multitester. The positive and the negative terminals of multitester are attached to the electrodes submerged in the 200 ml electrolyte. Then the reading from the multitester was recorded. D. Treatment To determine the feasibility of coconut (Cocos nucifera) water as electrolyte over vinegar electrolyte, eight experimental setups were prepared. The first setup had one cell; the second setup had two cells; the third setup had three cells; the fourth setup had four cells; the fifth setup had five cells; the sixth setup had six cells; the seventh setup had seven cells; and the eighth setup had eight cells. (Setup means one vinegar electrolyte and one coconut ((Cocos nucifera) water as electrolyte battery). All setups differed only in the number of cells. Having different number of cells was important to be able to see the consistency of the potential difference produced by both coconut (Cocos nucifera) water and vinegar electrolytes. E. Statistical Analysis To know whether there are differences among the treatments, a technique called T-Test was done. This technique was used to test whether the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water can be a source of electricity. The test of the hypothesis was done at 0.05 level of significance and the critical value of 2†¦ The null hypothesis is accepted if the T-calculated
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